Biomathematics Ratner, Vadim A.; Zharkikh, Andrey A.; Kolchanov, Nikolay; Rodin, Sergey N.; Solovyov, Viktor V.; Antonov, Andrey S. In 1970, Manfred Eigen initiated the study of the origin of self-reproducing systems of macromolecules and their evolution. Large-scale nucleotide sequencing (with computer methods) was introduced from 1977. ...